Some Definitions of Remote Sensing.

Some definitions of remote sensing.

1.    Here are some definitions about remote sensing.

a.       Remote sensing is the science of acquiring, processing and interpreting images that record the interaction between electromagnetic energy and matter. (Kerle (2004) after Sabins (1996).

b.      Remote sensing is the instrumentation, techniques and methods to observe the Earth's surface at a distance and to interpret the images or numerical values obtained in order to acquire meaningful information of particular objects on Earth. (Kerle (2004) after Buiten (1993).

c.       Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. (Lillesand & Kieffer, 2004).

d.      Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. (CCRS).

e.       Remote sensing is the use of environmental sensors placed in orbit around the earth to observe climate, vegetation and rainfall dynamics, enabling a daily global assessment of ecosystem health. These observations have formed the foundation of famine early warning systems by providing quantitative assessments of food production across large areas. Although this information is a critical piece of famine early warning, food security is rarely ensured by adequate food production alone (Molli E. Brown, 2008)

f.       Remote Sensing idescribe the collection of data about an object, area, or phenome non from a distance with a device that is not in contact with the object. More commonly the term remote sensing refers to imagery and image information derived by both air borne and satellite platforms that house sensor equipment. The data collected by the sensors are in the form of electromagnetic energy (EM). Electromagnetic energy is synonymous to many terms, incluiding electromagnetic radiation, radiant energy, energy, and radiation (Departement Of The Army. US Army Corps of Engineers).

g.      Remote sensing is the science and art acquiring information by a recording device that is not in physical contact with the object under investigation (Xiaojun Yang, 2009).

                 Regarding to those definitions, according to my opinion the best definition especially for the field of interest of watershed and coastal management would be the 4^th one:

       “Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. (CCRS)”

           This definition is more complete compared to others. For example is the 1^st definition, it doesn't include the object matter, Earth. The 2^nd and the 3^rd definition tend to be incomprehensive as the utilisation of remote sensing data is rather subtle. On the other hand, This definition (the 4^th) includes the object matter, Earth's surface. Furthermore, coastal and watershed management tend to be an applied work. while the definition (the 6^th) Department Of The Army . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ) more to the technique of remote sensing and this definition (the 7^th) generally without explaining its study object.

           So that in relation to coastal and watershed management processing, analyzing, and applying are important. Other things instead of processing, analyzing, and applying information from remote sensing would be less important, but needed. Indeed, it means that we don't omit completely about basic concepts of remote sensing relating to the process of data acquisition stated in the definition above. Processing, analyzing, and applying information obtained from remote sensing data is not an arbitrary decision, these three subjects are important since those are “real things” of remote sensing, and all at one answering the question “what's remote sensing for?”. Then again, it needs a good decision before processing, analyzing, and applying the information.

           Processing, analyzing, and applying remote sensing data we have to know the characteristics of the data. An understanding in data characteristics would help how to process, analyze, and apply remote sensing data suite to the objective of the study, in this case related to watershed and coastal management. Characteristics data help to decide what should the users do so that data which are supposely to use is suitable for the study matter. For instance, studying watersheds, we need landuse data, then we should decide mapping scale so that suits availability of the data. In the meantime we should choose data that possibly to use for deriving landuse information from remote sensing data. What's more, understanding characteristics of remote sensing data is important as it influences in deciding how to process, analyze, and apply. Remembering that type of work in watershed and coastal management is an applied work, it can be concluded that 4^th definition proposed by CCRS is the best one since it encompasses many things including “steps” of acquisition until application.

2.   The advantages of remote sensing for national watershed and coastal study.

           Indonesia encompasses from Sabang until Merauke which is vast area shared into 17,508 islands with almost 2 millions square metres. It supposes to need a high demand of maintenance related to its territory. One of maintenance of territory is managing watersheds and coastal areas.

           Regarding to the vast area of Indonesia, it needs tools that can accommodate its need, in this case is managing watersheds and coastal areas. Remote sensing could be the best tool for managing watersheds and coastal areas. As defined above, the work or managing watersheds and coastal areas would be easier than relying only on terrestial data. Remote sensing provides multitemporal data and multiresolution data and basically, it also provides various data (with its own charactere) which are needed for managing watersheds and coastal areas. Regarding to this synaptic charactere, it would be easier to extract designated features needed. Talking about time, remote sensing is time-saving in regards to field work and it also has repetive character, which is possible to monitor a certain feature temporaly. Moreover, remote sensing helps to discover remote area, in case of accessibility, as many unaccessesable areas in Indonesia. This hugely help in development and monitoring. Furthermore, remote sensing tends to be cost-efficent than terrestial survey.

           Those advantages as stated above can be described below as an application from this following example. Savant et.al (2002) in their publication showed the applications of remote sensing for waterhed delineation. Watershed management in this publication is using remotely-sensed data for delineating watershed such as river flows and their tributaries and also watershed boundaries. Study area in the research is Upper Pearl watershed in Mississippi. The research uses DEM data obtained from USGS with a standar USGS DEM of 1: 25,000 scale correspondng to a cell size of thirty meters by thirty meters. Process of delineating the remotely-sensed data using ArcView and HEC-HMS. Proceesed data compared to a USGS fiel survey of provided data. The comparison showed that the result is good enough though there are some limitations. The thing is that using remotely-sensed data took only couple of days compared to conventional method that took over a month. This research successfully demostrated that the used of remotely-sensed data and commercially available software is an effective approach to developing accurate watershed analysis for various usages with a minimum amount of time, effort, and cost.

 References :

 Departement Of The Army. 2003. Enginering and Desaign Remote Sensing. US Army Corps of Engineers

CCRS (Canada Centre of Remote Sensing). Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. Canada.

Kerle, N., Janssen, L.L.F., Huurneman, G.C., Bakker, W.H., Grabmaier, K.A., Van dee Mer, F.D. (2004) . Principle of Remote Sensing (ITC Educational Textbook Series). Enschede : The International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation.

Lillesand, T.M., & Kieffer, K.W. (2004) . Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. New York: John Wiley & Son Inc.

Molli E. Brown. 2008.  Famine Early Warning Systems and Remote Sensing Data. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Savant, Gourav., Lei Wang., Dr. Dennis Truax. 2002. Remote Sensing and Geospatial Applications for Watershed Delineation. Proceeding XXXIV International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS)

Xiaojun Yang. 2009. Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies for Coasstal Ecosystem Assessment and Management. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Remote Sensing and Their Advantage in National Coastal and Watershed Study

I.     REMOTE SENSING DEFINITIONS

·      The science and art of acquiring information by a recording device that is not in physical contact with the object under investigation (Yang, 2009).

·      A method to identify and determine object in Earth’s surface without direct contact with that object (Noor, 2011)

·      The science and art to acquiring information about object, area, or phenomenon through data analyze which come from tools or method without direct contact with that object, area, or phenomenon (Purwadhi & Sanjoto, 2009).

·      The technology of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface (land and ocean) and atmosphere using sensors onboard airborne (aircraft and balloons) or spaceborne (satellites and space shuttle) platforms (Wang, 2010).

·      The development and operational use of data and data products from a plethora of passive and active airborne and satellite-borne sensors, in particular hyperspectral and hyperspatial imaging, as well as active sensors – LIDAR and RADAR instruments (Franklin, 2009).

·      The science and art of identifying, observing, and measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it. This process involves the detection and measurement of radiation of different wavelengths reflected or emitted from distant objects or materials, by which they may be identified and categorized by class or type, substance, and spatial distribution (Wiscombe, 2010).

etc.

II.  APPROPRIATE REMOTE SENSING DEFINITIONS FOR COASTAL AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

In above pages, there are much of remote sensing definitions and have similar meanings. Appropriate terms of remote sensing to research is science and art of identifying, observing, and measuring  an object without coming into direct contact. For coastal and watershed management purpose, remote sensing is a method, tools to identify, observing, and measuring object in large area and high dynamic and fluctuating condition especially in coastal management.

III.   REMOTE SENSING ADVANTAGE FOR NATIONAL COASTAL AND WATERSHED STUDY

Remote sensing have capability of acquiring photos or images that cover large area, providing synoptic view that allow to identify objects, patterns, and human-land interaction. The coastal and watershed processes are operating over a rather large area, if we failed to observing the entire of coastal and watershed phenomenon may cause miss understood in analyze. For example, if we want to make research about coastal or watershed area land-cover change analysis, we must see entirely or holistic to know what the significance effect now and predict the risk happen in future. A phenomenon in coastal or watershed process must be correlate with each other systematically.

Coastal and watershed researcher frequently use data collected from field surveys and measurements. This considered to be accurate but may cause potential errors due to bias in sampling design. Field surveys and measurements can become expensive over a large area like coastal or watershed. Remote sensing can collect data in an unbiased and effectively research. Combination of field survey and measurement and remote sensing can make accurate results. For example in coastal natural resource mapping research like mangrove mapping. Accurate results about mangrove identification can be achieved with field survey and measurements but not effective and efficient in large area. Remote sensing can coverage large area to mangrove mapping, Recently, many remote sensing application has been held in mangrove research. Gao (1998) developed a two-tiered classification scheme based on SPOT image and applied it to the mangrove mapping in the Waitemata Harbour of Auckland, New Zaeland. This method was 81,4% accurate in classifying mangrove versus non-mangrove land cover. Held dkk (2003) employed an integrated analysis of data from the high spectral resolution scanner CASI and the airborne AIRSAR to map mangrove estuaries along the Daintree River in North Queensland, Australia. Higher classification accuracies of different habitats and mangrove forest type were achieved when hyperspectral and radar data were used in combination, etc.

Remote sensing allows retrospective viewing of the Earth surface, and time series (temporal) of remote sensor data can be quite useful to develop historical or time development perspective of coastal and watershed phenomenon or processes. For example to know the change of coastline in time series. These days many remote sensing monitoring research conducted to know what the main cause or predict what will happen in certain areas. Tarigan (2007) observe Cisadane Coastline, Banten, Indonesia in 2005 and overlay with the coastline digitations analysis from Landsat 5 TM 1997 and found several abrasion and accretion areas. He conclude it may be due to the effects of human activities and natural phenomenon such as high current and high wave during monsoon over that area.

Remote sensing can help make connections across level of analysis for coastal and watershed studies. Coastal science disciplines and subdisciplines have their own preferred levels of analysis and normally do not communicate across these levels. For example, geographers and coastal planners tend to work at community and ecosystem level; while oceanographers and coastal ecologists tend to work at oceanographical features or ecological units and coastal biologists tend to work with individual organisms and populations. On the other hand, the temporal scales used by these different coastal researchers vary greatly, from hourly until annual or decadal. Remote sensing provide coverage of data with individual pixels from variety range and with varying temporal resolution; such data can be combined to allow work at any levels of analysis.

Remote sensing integrated with other relevant geospatial technologies, such as geographic information systems, spatial analysis and modeling, offers an indispensible framework of monitoring, synthesis and modelling for the coastal and watershed environment. Integrated watershed management is natural resource management by performing utilization, maintenance, structuring, controlling, restoration, and developing watershed based on sustainability and harmonious environment for human welfare. Integrating remote sensing with other relevant geospatial technologies must be used to in integrated watershed management research. For example Byrd (2009) use remote sensing and spatial analysis of watershed and estuarine processes for conservation planning in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, US. He found that hyperspectral imagery has the potential to provide a spatially explicit synoptic view of vegetation response to nutrient enrichment. Watershed management applying spatial data also improve estuarine condition. Human activity, natural process have input to watershed system and affect the estuarine as a output. This technique also applicable in integrated coastal zone management. Integrated coastal zone management has a scope upstream of watershed, coastal land (beach, dune, wetland, etc), coastal water and estuary, free water area that influenced and be influenced by all activities in coastal area. The multispectral capabilities of remote sensing allow observation and measurement of biophysical characteristic, whereas the multitemporal and multisensory capabilities allow tracking of changes in high dynamic coastal environment. Digitizing of remote sensing data in GIS environment to build an information system so it can be used for decision maker in integratd coastal management.

REFERENCE :

Byrd, K., B. 2009. Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis of Watershed and Estuarine Processes for Conservation Planning in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California. Dalam X. Yang (Ed). Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment and Management. (hlm 495-520). Berlin: Springer.

Franklin, J. 2009. Mapping Species Distribution – Spatial Inference and Prediction. New York: Cambridge University Press

Gao, J. 1998. A Hybrid Method Toward Accurate Mapping of Mangroves In A Marginal Habitat from SPOT Multispectral Data. International Journal Remote Sensing. 10: 1887-1899

Held, A., dkk. 2003. High Resolution Mapping of Tropical Mangrove Ecosystem using Hyperspectral and Radar Remote Sensing. International Journal Remote Sensing. 24: 2739-2759

Noor, D. 2011. Geologi untuk Perencanaan. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Purwadhi, F.,S., H., & Sanjoto, T., B. 2009. Pengantar Interpretasi Citra Penginderaan Jauh. Semarang: LAPAN dan Jurusan Geografi UNNES

Tarigan, M., S. 2007. Perubahan Garis Pantai di Wilayah Pesisir Perairan Cisadane, Provinsi Banten. Makara Sains. Vol. 11 No. 11 April 2007: 49-55

Wang, Y. 2010. Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments: An Overview. Dalam Y. Wang (Ed). Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments. (hlm 1-21) London: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.

Wiscombe, W. 2011. Remote Sensing: Introduction and History. Diperoleh dari http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/ tanggal 5 November 2012.

Yang, X. 2009. Remote Sensing, Geospatial Technologies and Coastal Ecosystem. Dalam X. Yang (Ed). Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment and Management. (hlm 1-16). Berlin: Springer.

ANALYSIS OF KREO SUB WATERSHED

IN SEMARANG BASED ON REMOTE SENSING

AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. Image Interpretation

Kreo Sub Watershed administratively located in Semarang District, Kendal District and Semarang City. Astronomically it located in 110⁰ 18’ 30’’ -  110⁰ 22’ 45’’ East Longitude and 7⁰ 1’ 15’’ - 7⁰ 11’ 15’’ South Latitude. Kreo Sub Watershed extend from north to south at Ungaran Mountain north slope.

Kreo Sub Watershed image aqcuired from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. ASTER data is an imaging instrument onboard Terra, the flagship satellite of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) launched in December 1999. ASTER is a cooperative effort between NASA, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), and Japan Space Systems. ASTER is used to create detailed maps of land surface temperature, reflectance, and elevation (NASA, 2004).

ASTER image of Kreo Sub Watershed were classifying in maximum likelihood classification method. Maximum likelihood considers both the variances and covariance of the class signatures when assigning each cell to one of the classes represented in the signature file (Horning, etc, 2010). With the assumption that the distribution of a class sample is normal, a class can be characterized by the mean vector and the covariance matrix. Given these two characteristics for each cell value, the statistical probability is computed for each class to determine the membership of the cells to the class. Output results processed in cosmetic operation (Fig.1 and Fig. 2).

Fig. 1. Land Cover of Kreo Sub Watershed

 

Fig. 2. Land Type of Kreo Sub Watershed

Based on Fig.1 about land cover of Kreo Sub Watershed, it can be seen that in Upstream Area, there are smal area of high density vegetation. Downstream Area was full of building area and lesser in Middle. Land cover of Kreo Sub Watershed was incompatible for ideal watershed. High increasing in population make uncomfortable condition in Kreo sub watershed.

On Fig. 2 it’s about land type, Andosols usually found in surrounding volcano mountain cone and high slope. Latosol mostly come from volcano material, intrusive igneous rocks. It found in wet climate, elevation between 300-1000 meters. Mediteran found in slope under 400 meters, mostly fom limestone and volcano materials.

2. Area Profile

				Vegatation Density
	More						Less
				Building Area

 

Less

More

                                                  

Fig. 3. Profile of Kreo Sub Watershed

3. Short Description for Development and Disaster

Kreo Sub Watershed is a part of Garang Watershed. There are Kreo, Kripik and Garang River which flow became one through Garang River to single outlet. In context of development and disaster, it’s comphrensive effort to view Kreo Sub Watershed as a part of Garang Watershed which affect each others.

Fig. 4. Drainage Pattern of Garang Watershed

Shape of Garang Watershed (Fig 4) like bottle, which bulge in under part and tighten in neck. In Fig 3. Shown that this watershed have high steep slope. Bottle shape have consequence, if there is high intensity of rainfall (input) that accumulate, run off will have high speed and less time to reach the downstream area. And Infiltration area in upstream decrease each day because of land opening so there is flood disaster in Semarang City. In case of Kreo Sub Watershed, which have extended shape, debit was small relative, it make time to reach downstream slower than in bottleneck shape. Infiltration capacity in Kreo Sub Watershed highest in forest land use, mixed garden and paddy field (Setyowati, 2007). Infiltration capacity in forest area is highest than the other because of coarse land texture and roots of vegetation which deep penetrate through land and make pores, so water from rainfall easier to infiltrate. But forest condition in Kreo sub watershed worse each year (Raharjo, 2009). Nugraha and Cahyadi (2012) analyze that Garang Sub Watershed was the first priority in case of flood mitigation, followed by Kreo and Kripik Sub Watershed. Kreo Sub Watershed also have potential for flood, it must be concern of all stakeholder in Kreo area in their development plans.

In a development issue, there are distribution in Kendal and Semarang Government. Cooperation between of them needs to be held, forest agency, non-government organization, private organization or anything else which related to watershed development must coordinated. Sometimes there is crash between economic or human right necesity and conservation. Conservation wants to make “green” everything and not to disturbance the balance watershed ecosystem especially in upstream area. In the other hand, human need living area, food source, etc which cause land use change. Use of remote sesnsing and geographic information system in development issue can be improve the master plans of development especially in Kreo Sub Watershed. It can be analyze, forecasting, simulating what the effect of developments in present so we can prevent the hazard or disaster.

REFERENCE

Horning, N., etc. 2010. Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation. New York: Oxford University Press.

NASA. 2004. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emision and Reflection Radiometer. Acessed from http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ at November 29^th, 2012.

Nugraha, H., & Cahyadi, A. 2012. Analisis Morfometri Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Penentuan Sub DAS Prioritas (Studi Kasus Mitigasi Bencana Banjir Bandang di DAS Garang Jawa Tengah). Conveyed on National Conference of Informatics 2012 UPN Veteran. Yogyakarta, June 30^th, 2012.

Raharjo, P., D. 2009. Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan DAS Kreo Terhadap Debit Puncak Dengan Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh. Jurnal Riset Geologi dan Pertambangan. Jilid 19 No. 2. 69-84

Setyowati, D., L. 2007. Sifat Fisik Tanah dan Kemampuan Tanah Meresapkan Air Pada Lahan Hutan, Sawah, dan Permukiman. Jurnal Geografi. Volume 4 No. 2

KURIKULUM

A.      PENGERTIAN KURIKULUM

Di Indonesia istilah “kurikulum” boleh dikatakan baru menjadi populer sejak tahun lima puluhan, yang dipopulerkan oleh mereka yang memperoleh pendidikan di Amerika Serikat. Kini istilah itu telah dikenal orang di luar pendidikan. Sebelumnya yang lazim digunakan adalah “rencana pelajaran” pada hakikatnya kurikulum sama sama artinya dengan rencana pelajaran. Beberapa tafsiran lainnya dikemukakan sebagai berikut ini.

Kurikulum memuat isi dan materi pelajaran. Kurikulum ialah sejumlah mata ajaran yang harus ditempuh dan dipelajari oleh siswa untuk memperoleh sejumlah pengetahuan. Mata ajaran (subject matter) dipandang sebagai pengalaman orang tua atau orang-orang pandai masa lampau, yang telah disusun secara sistematis dan logis. Mata ajaran tersebut mengisis materi pelajaran yang disampaikan kepada siswa, sehingga memperoleh sejumlah ilmu pengetahuan yang berguna baginya.

Kurikulum sebagai rencana pembelajaran. Kurikulum adalah suatu program pendidikan yang disediakan untuk membelajarkan siswa. Dengan program itu para siswa melakukan berbagai kegiatan belajar, sehingga terjadi perubahan dan perkembangan tingkah laku siswa, sesuai dengan tujuan pendidikan dan pembelajaran. Dengan kata lain, sekolah menyediakan lingkungan bagi siswa yang memberikan kesempatan belajar. Itu sebabnya, suatu kurikulum harus disusun sedemikian rupa agar maksud tersebut dapat tercapai. Kurikulum tidak terbatas pada sejumlah mata pelajaran saja, melainkan meliputi segala sesuatu yang dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan siswa, seperti: bangunan sekolah, alat pelajaran, perlengkapan, perpustakaan, gambar-gambar, halaman sekolah, dan lain-lain; yang pada gilirannya menyediakan kemungkinan belajar secara efektif. Semua kesempatan dan kegiatan yang akan dan perlu dilakukan oleh siswa direncanakan dalam suatu kurikulum.

Kurikulum sebagai pengelaman belajar. Perumusan/pengertian kurikulum lainnya yang agak berbeda dengan pengertian-pengertian sebelumnya lebih menekankan bahwa kurikulum merupakan serangkaian pengalaman belajar. Salah satu pendukung dari pengalaman ini menyatakan sebagai berikut:

“Curriculum is interpreted to mean all of the organized courses, activities, and experiences which pupils have under direction of the school, whether in the classroom or not (Romine, 1945,h. 14).”

Pengertian itu menunjukan, bahwa kegiatan-kegiatan kurikulum tidak terbatas dalam ruang kelas saja, melainkan mencakup juga kegiatan-kegiatan diluar kelas. Tidak ada pemisahan yang tegas antara intra dan ekstra kurikulum. Semua kegiatan yang memberikan pengalaman belajar/pendidikan bagi siswa pada hakikatnya adalah kurikulum.

Kurikulum adalah seperangkat rencana dan pengaturan mengenai isi dan bahan pelajaran serta cara yang digunakan  sebagai pedoman penyelenggaraan  kegiatan pembelajaran untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan tertentu. (Undang-Undang No.20 TH. 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional).

Kurikulum pendidikan tinggi adalah seperangkat rencana dan pengaturan mengenai isi maupun bahan kajian dan pelajaran serta cara penyampaian dan penilaiannya yang digunakan sebagai pedoman penyelenggaraan kegiatan belajar-mengajar di perguruan tinggi. (Pasal 1 Butir 6 Kemendiknas No.232/U/2000 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Kurikulum Pendidikan Tinggi dan Penilaian Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa).

Kurikulum adalah serangkaian mata ajar dan pengalaman belajar yang mempunyai tujuan tertentu, yang diajarkan dengan cara tertentu dan kemudian dilakukan evaluasi. (Badan Standardisasi Nasional SIN 19-7057-2004 tentang Kurikulum Pelatihan Hiperkes dan Keselamatan Kerja Bagi Dokter Perusahaan).

Dari berbagai macam pengertian kurikulum diatas kita dapat menarik garis besar pengertian kurikulum yaitu:

Kurikulum adalah seperangkat rencana dan pengaturan mengenai tujuan, isi, dan bahan pelajaran serta cara yang digunakan sebagai pedoman penyelenggaraan kegiatan pembelajaran untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan tertentu.

B.       LANDASAN PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM

Kurikulum merupakan inti dari bidang pendidikan dan memiliki pengaruh terhadap seluruh kegiatan pendidikan. Penyusunan kurikulum membutuhkan landasan-landasan yang kuat, yang didasarkan pada hasil-hasil pemikiran dan penelitian yang mendalam. Penyusunan kurikulum yang tidak didasarkan pada landasan yang kuat dapat berakibat fatal terhadap kegagalan pendidikan itu sendiri. Dengan sendirinya, akan berkibat pula terhadap kegagalan proses pengembangan manusia.

Kurikulum disusun untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional dengan memperhatikan tahap perkembangan peserta didik dan kesesuaiannya dengan lingkungan, kebutuhan pembangunan nasional, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi serta kesenian, sesuai dengan jenis dan jenjang masing-masing satuan pendidikan. (Bab IX, Ps.37). Pengembangan kurikulum berlandaskan faktor-faktor sebagai berikut:

1.             Tujuan filsafat dan pendidikan nasional yang dijadikan sebagai dasar untuk merumuskan tujuan institusional yang pada gilirannya menjadi landasan dalam merumuskan tujuan kurikulum suatu satuan pendidikan.

2.             Sosial budaya dan agama yang berlaku dalam masyarakat kita.

3.             Perkembangan peserta didik, yang menunjuk pada karekteristik perkembangan peserta didik.

4.             Keadaan lingkungan, yang dalam arti luas meliputi lingkungan manusiawi (interpersonal), lingkungan kebudayaan termasuk iptek (kultural), dan lingkungan hidup (bioekologi), serta lingkungan alam (geoekologis).

5.             Kebutuhan pembangunan, yang mencakup kebutuhan pembangunan di bidang ekonomi, kesejahteraan rakyat, hukum, hankam, dan sebagainya.

6.             Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi yang sesuai dengan sistem nilai dan kemanusiawian serta budaya bangsa.

C.      KOMPONEN UTAMA KURIKULUM

Kurikulum memiliki lima komponen utama, yaitu :

(1) Tujuan;

(2) Materi;

(3) Strategi,Pembelajaran;

(4) Organisasi Kurikulum Dan

(5) Evaluasi.